Modern Physics and its Applications

General Resources

• Sources for History of Twentieth Century Physics
• The Michelson-Morley Experiment
• Contributions of Twentieth Century Women to Physics

Studies of the Atom

• Madam Curie
• The Discovery of the Electron
• Heisenberg and the Uncertainty Principle
• A brief history of the Standard Model

Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

• Albert Einstein: Contributions and Career
• Albert Einstein Online
• Einstein's Wife: The Life of Mileva Maric Einstein [PBS Nova Program, first aired Oct. 21, 2003]
• Einstein in Princeton [NJ]
• The Einstein Archives Online [view his correspondence, notes, and letters; also images; launched May 2003]
• Einstein and the Challenge of Literal Time-Keeping: Railroads and Relativity

The Standard Model to String Theory

• Particle Physics [a brief overview]
• The Elegant Universe [on string theory]

[see The Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists]

• New: What did Werner Heisenberg say about Nazi Germany and the atomic bomb? The ALSOS mission and report of one ALSOS member
• Truman's Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb
• The Atomic Bomb [PBS The American Experience website]
• Alsos: Digital Library for Nuclear Issues [Searchable: investigate significant issues on all aspects of atomic history. Want to know more about this site?]
• The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb [Historical debate]
• Declassified Files Reopen 'Nazi Atomic Bomb' Debate
• Michael Frayn's *Copenhagen* [Bohr and Heisenberg portrayed in contemporary theatre]
• The A-Bomb Museum
• The Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
• The Soviet Atomic Bomb
• Was J. Robert Oppenheimer a spy? New insights from Gregg Herken's Brotherhood of the Bomb [September 2002] [see also Findings and Recommendations, below]
• Conscience, Arrogance, and the Atomic Scientists [Special Report from the Federation of Atomic Scientists]
• Public Affairs: from the American Physical Society [insights on major Cold War controversies]
• Cold War and Atomic Age
• The Nevada Test Site
• Sedan Nuclear Crater, Nevada Test Site [very detailed image available here]
• Andrei Sakharov, Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights
• The Race for the Superbomb [major PBS website, from American Experience program]
• Cold War Archives and Links [including on nuclear weapons]
• Nuclear Tests within the United States, 1950s
• Meltdown at Three Mile Island [late 1970s near-tragedy near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]
• The Atomic Archives
• Operation Crossroads (Bikini Atoll, 1946)
• Atomic Veterans Photo Album
• Human Radiation Experiments during the Cold War
• Findings and Recommendations of the Personnel Security Board in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer [Avalon Project at Yale University]. Original transcripts from the hearing.
• A Spy’s Path: Iowa to A-Bomb to Kremlin Honor [new revelations about atomic espionage, 2007]

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