- Examples: foragers like the Tasaday, San, Yahi. The Gabra and Weyewa in the film, A Poor Man Shames Us All, too, illustrate wealth leveling, egalitarian principles. Proposed by some as a future world order. The writings of John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971) discusses this approach to distributive justice.
- Examples: Very similar to egalitarian pluralism. The test of no one feeling injured would assure that no person is made worse off, at least not by choice. See Vilfredo Pareto, Cours d'Economie Politique (1897). This also matches Buddhist philosophy about individual gain being acceptable if the reasons for trying to amass it are good.
- Democratic decision making would meet this criteria. Utilitarianism is the philosophic basis of benefit-cost analysis. If the benefits exceed the costs, the assumption is that the project does the greatest good for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham defined utilitarianism in the 19th century.
- Examples: The former Soviet Union from 1918 to 1989 practiced state socialism. The socialist nations of Central Europe under communism. See the book What Was Socialism and What Comes Next? India from independence from the British in 1947 to the early 1990s illustrated this system.
- Examples: European democratic socialist countries like Denmark, Sweden, The Netherlands. Japan is another example. For a non-governmental model see the Mondragon Cooperatives For more on socialism.
- Examples: Robert Owen's community at New Lanmark, Scotland.
- Examples include discrimination against groups through apartheid, caste, colonialism, imperialism, discrimination. Structured inequality can also be used to help specific groups such as reducing poverty among the elderly through Social Security in the United States. Affirmative action, tax preferences for families, and anti-discrimination clauses are other example.
- Examples: emerging markets, economic globalization, free trade, conservative and libertarian politics in the United States. See Charles Murray, What It Means to be a Libertarian (1997) and Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974). For positions of the Libertarian Party.
- Examples: the ideals of the founders of the U.S.
Constitution, particularly Thomas Jefferson. Most closely approximated
in 19th Century America. See the writings of Adam Smith and Ayn
Rand. For a discussion of capitalism.
- Turbo
capitalism a popularized variant of laissez-faire capitalism in which
speed, creativity, and productivity amass maximum short-term
profits. Turbo capitalists move quickly into an industry and capture
maximum profit and
leave. They purchase a company and extract as much value as possible and
sell.
Examples: The corporate buyouts of the 1990s in the United States. The dot.com bubble that burst after March 2000. Enron, Global Crossing, WorldCom, Tyco. See Turbo Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy by Edward Luttwak, reviewed in Business Week March March 29, 1999, New Internationalist, March 2001 (Volume 343).
- Examples: The comparison of corporation revenues with the GDP of nations. Most MNCs are found in the United States, Japan, and Western Europe. Also look at the winner-take-all society.
- Compassionate conservatism is the Bush Administration approach. Also see Marvin Olasky, Compassionate Conservatism: What it is, What it Does, and How it Can Transform America (2000).
- Examples: Brazil from after World War II and through the 1970s. Singapore is a current example
- Examples: The idea is expressed by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto. The former Soviet Union, Cuba, North Vietnam, and Maoist China worked toward this ideal, but conform more to the definition of state socialist systems.
- Examples: Giving to others without concern about returns to
one's self.
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