Embryos, Clones, and Transgenic Animals

• Introduction
  • Technologies
    • Artificial insemination
      • Dogs, cows (Figure 8.3)
    • Embryo Transfer and In Vitro Fertilization (Figure 8.11)
      • In humans (Box 8.7)
      • Surrogate mothers
      • Frozen embryos
      • Sex determination by PCR
      • Saving threatened animals (Figure 8.7)
      • Resurrecting extinct species (Figure 8.4)
    • Chimeric animals (fusing/mixing cells of different embryos) (Figure 8.16)
    • Stem cells (Figure 8.18)
    • Transgenic animals (Figure 8.20)
      • Gene guns
      • Retrovirus
      • Pronuclear microinjection
      • Embryonic stem cell transformation
      • Sperm carrying DNA
      • Gene Pharming Human Human Proteins in Milk and Eggs
        • t-PA in mouse milk
        • Lactoferrin in cow milk
        • Blood clotting factor in goat milk
        • Monoclonal antibodies in eggs
        • Human insulin in eggs (Figure 8.22)
      • Transgenic fish
        • Salmon/trout
        • Glo-fish (Box 8.2)
        • Anti-freeze protein
        • Concerns of escape
        • As detectors of water pollution
      • Knockout Mice (Figure 8.31)
        • Technique
          • Homologous recombination of defective gene in embryonic stem cells
          • Injection of modified cells to another embryo, followed by integration
          • Inter-breeding to select for pure knock-outs
      • Xenotransplantion of cells/organs
      • Cloning (Box 8.3)
        • Frogs/newts (Figure 8.37)
        • Higher animals
          • Nuclear transfer (Figure 8.51)
        • Dolly the sheep (Box 8.5)
        • Horse (Figure 8.41)
        • Deer (Figure 8.42)
        • Cats (Figure 8.44)
          • Coloring oddities
        • Difficulties
          • Inefficient / malformations
          • Cytoplasmic inheritance