Cells as Synthetic Factories

• Overview
  • Steady State (Figure 4.4)
  • Cell Structure (Figure 4.5)
    • Cytoplasm
    • Nucleus
    • Mitochondria
    • Membrane
    • Sub-organelle components
      • Ribosomes
      • Enzymes
      • Receptors
• Controls
  • Allostery (control of protein function)
    • Glutamine Synthetase (Figure 4.11)
    • Positive
      • Activation
    • Negative
      • Feedback inhibition
  • Transcription (synthesis of RNA)
    • Constitutive
    • Induction (Figure 4.7)
      • Repressors
        • Lac repressor
      • Activators
        • CAP (Figure 4.12)
• Manipulating Systems
  • Manipulating/selecting cells
    • Citric acid production
      • Protons and iron
    • Glutamate production
    • Riboflavin
    • Vitamin B12 (Figure 4.30)
    • Penicilliin (Figure 4.41)
    • Steroids (Figure 4.55)
      • Cortisone
    • Advantages - stereoisomer specific
  • Manipulating pathways (metabolic engineering)
    • Lysine production (Figure 4.21)
    • Cysteine production
  • Biotechnology approaches
    • Vitamin C production
      • Reichstein method (Figure 4.26) vs. Recombinant Erwinia (Figure 4.31)
        • Cost has dropped 50 fold in 70 years
    • Immobilized cells
      • L-Aspartate
      • L-Malate
      • L-Alanine
    • Making Mutations with Mutagens
  • Bioreactors (Box 4.12)
    • Considerations of temperature, sterility, nutrients
    • Downstream/upstream processing
• Antibiotics
  • Penicillin (Figure 4.46)
  • Tetracyclines (Box 4.11)
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Cephalosporin C
  • Streptomycin (Figure 4.48)
  • Role of plasmids in transmission
  • Immune system suppression - cyclosporin A