Expanding the Pie: Redefining the issues in the conflict so that more material is negotiable. The parties move from an "either-or" (zero-sum) to a "both-and" (variable-sum) perspective. Expanding the pie also occurs when more resources are added to the negotiation.
Non-specific compensation: One party receives its objectives, while the other party is "paid off" or compensated for yielding or accommodating. The first party, for example, might receive the desired immediate outcome while the second or other party will receive a benefit of similar value later on.
Log Rolling: Parties identify more than one issue in conflict and then identify priorities. Assuming priorities are different, the parties "trade off" these issues so each receives its top priority.
Cost Cutting: For a party in a conflict, a solution may involve "costs" (economic cuts, suffering, harm, such as a loss of face or reputation). By mutual agreement, a settlement might be found whereby one party achieves his/her objectives and the other party gains reduced costs.
Bridging: Parties understand one another's interests and invent new options that meet them. Bridging often requires fundamental reformulation of the problems in the conflict.
Fractionating the Conflict: Complex conflicts or issues can be broken up into smaller concerns. Dealing with the smaller, less significant issues first may build trust. Negotiators can employ a "salami tactic," moving ahead "one slice at a time."
Alternation:
If the conflict involves limited resources (a "fixed pie"), parties do
not give up their preferred outcome but agree to gain it at a different
time.
Unlinking:
Like fractionating, the negotiators divide issues. In doing so, they identify
interests and positions they are willing to concede. In order to
achieve an integrative solution, parties may have to give up certain positions/demands
or modify particular goals.
Intangible Issue Conversion: Intangible issues (e.g., identity, relationship) are difficult to negotiate. Issues like face and respect need to be converted into something tangible, such as behaviors that can be negotiated. An issue like legitimacy might be converted into notification.