Translation Outline
Notes HERE

General

• Ribosome structure (HERE)
• Amino acid addition in translation (HERE)
• Translation accuracy (HERE)

Genetic Code

• Genetic Code HERE
• Codon/anticodon base pairs
  • Inosine HERE
  • Allowed pairings (HEREand HERE)

tRNAs

• Codon/anticodon pairing (HERE)
• Alanine tRNA structure/sequence (HERE)
• General tRNA structure (HERE) / Shape (HERE / Schematic HERE)

Amino Acid Activation

• Amino acid + ATP + tRNA + H2O -> aminboacyl-tRNA + AMP + Ppi
  • Aminoacyl-tRNA bond (HERE)
• Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
  • Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (Editing/activation sites (HERE)
  • Complex with threonyl-tRNA (HERE)
  • Recognition sites on tRNA (HERE)
• Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase classes of E. coli (HERE) / Structures (HERE)
  • Class 1 - links to 2' hydroxyl. Most are monomeric
  • Class 2 - links to 3' hydroxyl (except Phe-tRNA). Most are dimeric

Ribosomes

• Images (HERE)
• Ribosomal RNA (HERE)
• Formylation of methionine (HERE)
• Prokaryotic translation initiation sequences (HERE)
• tRNA binding sites in the ribosome (HERE and HERE)

Translation Mechanism

• Translation initiation in prokaryotes (HERE)
• Translation elongation
  • Peptide bond synthesis (HERE)
  • Translocation (HERE)
• EF-Tu (HERE)
• Termination (HERE)
• Eukaryotic Translation
  • Initiation (HERE)
  • Elongation
  • Termination
  • Circularization by protein interactions (HERE)

Antibiotics and Translation

• Examples (HERE)
• Streptomycin - interferes with binding of formylmethionyl tRNA to ribosome HERE
• Puromycin - causes premature termination (HERE)
• Diphtheria toxin - translocation blocking by modification of elongation factor 2 (HERE)
• Ricin - N-glycosidase from castor beans that cleaves adenine in 28S rRNA and prevents binding of elongation factors (HERE)

Protein Transport/Secretion

• Ribosomes in E.R. (HERE)
• Signal sequences (HERE)
• Signal recognition particle (HERE) / SRP Targeting Cycle (HERE)
• Sorting pathways (HERE)