Forest and Stream Management
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
The Authors
1: Introduction
Stephen D. Hobbs and Thomas A. Spies
A Wealth of New Information
Overview of the Oregon Coast Range
Choices
Key Principles
Literature Cited
2: Forest and Stream Management in the Oregon
Rebecca L. Johnson and George Stankey
Introduction
Shifting conceptions of forest resources
The social acceptability of forest practices and conditions
Political power and organizational authority
Sociopolitical Organization of the Oregon Coast Range
Geopolitical boundaries
Communities of interest
Cultural boundaries
Institutional boundaries
The Changing Oregon Coast
Changing population
Population growth
Demographic structure
Changing patterns of land use
Changing economy
Income and employment
Recreation and tourism industry
Changing education levels
Public values about natural resources
Interactions Between Society and Forest Management
Changing forest management and policy: implications for society
Changling demographics: implications for forest management
Value changes along the Oregon coast: implications for forest management
Summary and Conclusions
Future Research Needs
Literature Cited
3: The Ecological Basis of Forest Ecosystem Management in the Oregon Coast Range
Thomas A. Spies, David E. Hibbs, Janet L. Ohmann, Gordon H. Reeves, Robert J. Pabst, Frederick J. Swanson, Cathy Whitlock, Julia A. Jones, Beverly C. Wemple, Laurie A. Parendes, and Barbara A. Schrader
Introduction
Ecosystem Patterns and History
Regional environment
Forest ecosystem patterns
Coast Range vegetation in geologic history
The role of deciduous vegetation
Riparian forests
Productivity of Coast Range Forest and Stream Ecosystems
Ecological Forces of Disturbance and Development
Forest disturbances
Tree death and decomposition
Forest development
Influence of human activities
Watershed and Landscape-scale Processes
Influence of roads on ecosystem function at multiple scales
Aquatic-terrestrial linkages
Natural processes as a foundation for management
Literature Cited
4. Fish and Aquatic Ecosystems
of the Oregon Coast Range
Gordon H.
Reeves, Kelly M. Burnett, and Stanley V. Gregory
Introduction
The Fish Fauna
of the Oregon Coast Range
Distribution
of Fish in Coast Range Rivers and Streams
Organization
of rivers and stream systems
Watersheds
Reaches
Habitat
units
Seasonal
distribution
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Human Impacts
on Fish and Fish Habitat
Ecosystem Restoration
Current
approaches
Ecosystem
approach
The Future:
Ecosystem and Landscape Management
A
case study
Conclusions
A
new disturbance regime
Literature
Cited
5: Ecology and Management of Wildlife and Their Habitats in the Oregon Coast Range
John P. Hayes and Joan C. Hagar
The Coast Range Supports a Diversity of Animal Species
Habitat Components Within a Stand Influence the Presence and Abundance of Wildlife
Dead wood
Large and unique trees
Special features
Stand-level Characteristics Influence the Presence and Abundance of Wildlife
Tree density and distribution
Managing stands to benefit wildlife
Riparian Areas Are of Special Management and Ecological Concern
Wildlife communities along an inter-riparian gradient
Wildlife communities along an intra-riparian gradient
Managing riparian areas to benefit wildlife
Summary and Conclusions
Literature Cited
6: Timber Harvesting to Enhance Multiple Resources
Loren D. Kellogg, Ginger V. Milota, and Ben Stringham
Introduction
Review of Harvesting Systems in the Oregon Coast Range
Felling
Cable systems
Highlead
Skyline
Aerial systems
Ground-based systems
Mechanized systems
Harvest Planning to Achieve Forest and Stream Resource Objectives
Even-age Silvicultural Systems
Appropriate harvesting systems
Clearcutting
Thinning
Harvest planning and layout approaches
Clearcutting
Thinning
Production and cost information
Uneven-age Silvicultural Systems
Appropriate harvesting systems
Harvest planning and layout approaches
Production and cost information
Minimizing Damage to Residual Trees
Monitoring of stand damage
Harvesting approaches that minimize stand damage
Skyline systems
Tractor systems
Mechanized cut-to-length systems
Timber Harvesting for Riparian-area Management
Appropriate harvesting systems
Harvest planning and layout approaches
A Case Study of Timber Harvesting for Active Riparian Management
Summary
Literature Cited
7: Silviculture of Oregon Coast Range Forests
J.C. Tappeiner II, W.H. Emmingham, and D.E. Hibbs
What is Silviculture and Why is it Important?
Regeneration of Oregon Coast Range Forests
Natural regeneration
Artificial regeneration
Natural diversity in young managed stands
Patterns of Stand Development
The Importance of Shrubs and Hardwoods
Influence of Stand Density on Tree and Stand Characteristics
Options for Managing Young Stands
Controlling stand density when trees are young
Thinning to achieve a variety of objectives
Producing stands with old-growth characteristics
Regeneration of understory tree species
uneven-age silvicultural systems in Oregon Coast Range forest management
Managing Hardwoods in the Oregon Coast Range
Regeneration
Thinning
Species Mixes
Poplar plantations
Silviculture of Riparian Stands in the Coast Range
Basing management strategies for riparian areas on ecological processes
Silviculture practices to meet riparian-area management objectives
Conclusions
Literature Cited
8: Major Forest Diseases of the
Oregon Coast Range and their Management
Walter G. Thies and Ellen Michaels Goheen
Introduction
Important Root Diseases
Laminated root rot
Basic biology
Management strategies
Port-Orford-cedar root disease
Basic biology
Management strategies
Black stain root disease
Basic biology
Management strategies
Annosus root disease
Basic biology
Management strategies
Armillaria root disease
Basic biology
Management strategies
Other Forest Diseases
Western
hemlock dwarf mistletoe
Basic biology
Management strategies
White pine blister rust
Basic biology
Management strategies
Swiss needle cast
Basic biology
Management strategies
Common stem decays
Basic biology
Management strategies
Special Concerns for Disease Management
Planning
Topics for research
Biology
Management
Summary and Conclusions
Epilogue
Literature Cited
9: Landslides, Surface Erosion, and Forest Operations in the Oregon Coast Range
Arne E. Skaugset, Gordon H. Reeves, and Richard F. Keim
Introduction
Physical Setting of the Oregon Coast Range
Geology
Hydrology
Landslides and Surface Erosion in Unmanaged Coast Range Forests
Geomorphic context for debris flows
Mechanistic context for debris flows
Slope-stability analysis
Soil strength
Root strength
Groundwater
response to rainfall on hillslopes
Debris flows and aquatic habitat
Landslides and Surface Erosion in Managed Coast Range Forests
Surface Erosion
Surface Erosion from harvest units
Dry ravel
Infiltration-limited surface erosion
Surface erosion from roads and landings
Effect of forest-management activities on debris slides and flows
In-unit landslides
Road-related landslides
The effect of forestry on debris flows
Prevention and Mitigation of Accelerated Erosion in a Managed Coast Range Forest
Best management practices and accelerated erosion
Best management practices and debris slides and flows
Watershed management and debris flows
Summary
Literature Cited
10: Moving toward Sustainability
Stephen D. Hobbs, John P. Hayes, Rebecca L. Johnson, Gordon H. Reeves, Thomas A. Spies, and John C. Tappeiner II
Introduction
Integrated Resource Management, Sustainability, and Biological Diversity
Integrated resource management
Sustainability
The conservation of biological diversity
Changing Realities in the Oregon Coast Range
Forest conditions
Federal forests
State of Oregon forests
Industrial forests
Nonindustrial forests
Other influences
Stream Conditions
Challenges Facing Policy Makers
Globalization, population growth, and demands on resources
The public values, private-property rights debate
Conflicting policies and legal requirements
Establishing a framework for discussion
Summary
Literature
Conversion Factors
Glossary
Species List
Index
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