Summary Tables Table 1 Registered Materials Table 2 Number of Bravo 720 applications needed Table 2 per season for control of EFB Table 3 Demethylation-inhibiting Fungicides (DMI) for control of EFB Table 4 Combined Bravo 720 followed by DMI applications Table 5 Strobilurin Fungicides for Control of EFB Table 6 Miscellaneous materials for the control of EFB Table 1. Registered Materials This table lists the fungicides registered as of spring 2013. These fungicides must be applied to young hazelnut growth before spores of the EFB fungus have a chance to be deposited and infect the juvenile tissue. Budbreak is when these spores can begin infecting hazelnuts. This is also when the first applications of these fungicides are recommended. New plant tissue that develops after application generally is unprotected. This means multiple applications are needed for effective control. Also, good coverage of all susceptible tissues is essential.				Management Tour Previous / Next   Management Pages Scout Replace Pollinizers Apply Fungicides Summary Tables Abound Adament Bordeaux Bravo Cabrio Copper Hydroxides Elite Gem (Flint) Orbit/Tilt Procure Quash QuiltXcel Rubigan Remove Cankers Plant Resistant Cultivars Destroy Escaped Seedlings Burning Rules Where to Focus  Your Resources
	Product Rate/100 gallons water Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family Average number of applications per season Average level of control (%) Total number of trials (# significant) Abound 3 oz azoxystrobin 4 62 4 (3) Adament 3 fl oz or less 3 fl oz + surfactant tebuconazole plus trifloxystrobin 4 55 89 3 (2) 1 (1) Bordeaux Various Copper Sulfate plus Hydrated Lime 2.7 (1.5) 4 71 74 6 (5) 1 (1) Bravo 720 32 oz Chlorothalonil 3.7 83 30 (30) Cabrio 3-4 oz pyraclostrobin 4 90 8 (8) Champion 50WP 6 lb Various Copper Hydroxide 4.3 4.3 87 80 5 (3) 17 (6) Echo 720 32 fl oz chlorothalonil 4 90 5 (5) Gem 1.5 oz trifloxystrobin 4.0 82 7 (6) Kocide 6 lb Copper Hydroxide 2.6 65 7 (5) Orbit EC (or Tilt) 1.5-4 oz propiconazole 4.0 84 13 (11) Procure 1.5-6 oz triflumizole 4.0 80 19 (18) Quadris Top 14 fl oz azoxystrobin plus difenconazole 4 78 1 (1) Quash 4 oz 4 oz + surfactant metconazole 4 64 88 3 (2) 4 (4) QuiltXcel 10.5-17.5 fl oz propiconazole plus azoxystrobin 4 91 5 (5) Stratego 5 fl oz trifloxystrobin plus propiconazole 4 79 3 (3) Top Table 2. Number of Bravo 720 applications needed per season for control of EFB Product Rate/100 gallons water Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family Average number of applications per season Average level of control (%) Total number of trials (# significant) Bravo 720 32 oz Chlorothalonil 1 51 11 (7) Bravo 720 32 oz Chlorothalonil 2 59 9 (8) Bravo 720 32 oz Chlorothalonil 3 77 16 (16) Bravo 720 32 oz Chlorothalonil 4 90 13 (13) Bravo 720 32 oz Chlorothalonil 5 85 5 (5) One to one comparisons: Bravo 720 vs. Copper Hydroxides 79% control vs. 72% control (6 trials) Top
	Table 3. Demethylation-inhibiting Fungicides (DMI) for control of EFB. There is a large group of very effective fungicides with a similar mode of action called the demethylation-inhibiting fungicides or DMI (group 3 fungicides). They may also be referred to as the sterol-biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides or SI. These fungicides have both locally systemic and curative properties that make them highly valuable for EFB control. Unlike the protectants, if the EFB fungus makes it into the shoot tissue before the fungicide application there may still be time to kill the infection. The DMI products can move into the young green shoot tissue and cure an already established infection. This property is time limited, usually within a few days from the time the ascospores germinate and begin the infection process. Sometimes this property is referred to as "kickback" or "reachback" activity. Thus it can be said that these materials have a 2 to 3 day kickback activity against EFB. Unfortunately, the level of control obtained when these materials are applied after infection is much less than that obtained when applied before infection. Greenhouse research has indicated that kickback activity is related to the rate of material used.   The locally systemic nature of these compounds is somewhat misleading. The materials move into green plant tissues such as shoots and leaves but then move with the transpiration stream to the edges of a leaf. There is no export out of a leaf or down through the shoot to other plant parts. Only those tissues directly sprayed will contain the DMI material. Good coverage is still essential. Some DMI fungicides, like Rubigan, need a little more green tissue exposed after bud break to be effective. Other fungicides, like Elite or Orbit, are effective when starting applications at bud break.
	Product Rate/100 gallons water Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family Average number of applications per season Average level of control (%) Total number of trials (# significant) Registration notes Banner Various (4 or 8 oz) propiconazole 2.7 91 7 (7) See Orbit Baycor 50 WP 1 lb bitertanol 1 42 4 (1) No USA registrations Bayleton 50 WP Various triadimefon 1 46 5 (1) Registration not likely Elite 2 oz 4 oz tebuconazole 4 4 78 87 8 (8) 5 (5) Section 18 denied in 2002 Folicure 1.2 EC 3.6F 4 oz 1.5-2 oz tebuconazole 1.5 4 8 72 2 (0) 3 (2) See Elite Indar 0.5 or 1 oz fenbuconazole 4 87 4 (4) Possible in the future Inspire 250 EC 7 fl oz difenconizole 4 94 1 (1) Possible Nustar 20 DF 2 oz flusilazole 2.7 65 16 (11) No USA registrations Orbit EC (Tilt) 1.5-4 oz propiconazole 4 3 84 74 13 (11) 2 (1) Section 18 in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006. Registered in 2007 Procure 1.5-6 oz Triflumizole 4 80 19 (18) Registered in 2006. Quash 4 oz 4 oz + Surfactant metconazole 4 64 88 3 (2) 4 (4) Registered in 2009 Rally 40 W 2 or 2.5 oz myclobutanil 3.1 69 9 (7) Possible but not likely. Rubigan EC Various fenarimol 2.9 39 27 (11) Non-bearing tree label canceled 2012 TopGuard 6 oz 13 oz flutriafol 4 4 55 98 3 (3) 1 (1) Possible in future Unicorn 3 lb tebuconizole plus sulfur 4 70 2 (2) Legal to use One to one comparisons:  Bravo 720 vs. Procure 50 WS 93% control vs. 85% control (6 trials) Bravo 720 vs. Elite 45 DF 90% control vs. 84% control (9 trials) Bravo 720 vs. Rubigan 88% control vs. 46% control (8 trials) Bravo 720 vs. Orbit 90% control vs. 86% control (5 trials) Top
	Table 4. Combined Bravo 720 followed by DMI applications Management schemes that exploit the beneficial characters of the various fungicides for EFB control have been investigated. The most promising starts with Bravo at bud break. Bud break is the start of the period when hazelnuts are susceptible to the EFB fungus. Use of a good protectant, such as Bravo, gets the trees through the first few weeks of susceptibility when shoots are growing slowly and rains are frequent and heavy. At this time there also is little green tissue to absorb DMI products like Rubigan.  Later in the season rapid shoot growth may easily out-grow the protection of a Bravo application. Frequent rains may have prevented us from getting back into the orchard soon enough to prevent some infections. Use of a DMI at this time exploits their locally systemic and kickback activities. Several trials have been conducted using Bravo as the first and sometimes second application followed by applications of various DMI compounds such as Elite, Procure or Rubigan. Occasionally, a few treatment protocols had the DMIs tank mixed with Bravo. In general, trees were treated with one or two sprays of Bravo followed by one of two sprays of a DMI for a total of 3 or 4 applications. The average level of control using these tactics was 97% (table 4).
	Product Rate/100 gallons water Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family Average number of applications per season Average level of control (%) Total number of trials (# significant) Bravo / DMI ---- ------ 3 to 4 97 14 (14) Bravo / DMI Forecast Timeing ---- ------ 1 to 2 73 12 (11) Top
	Table 5. Strobilurin (QoI) Fungicides for Control of EFB The next generation of agricultural fungicides, the strobilurins or QoI fungicides (group 11), are beginning to be registered in various fruit markets. Abound, Cabrio, Gem (Flint) and Pristine are now registered for hazelnuts. Abound and Sovran, had mixed results against EFB (table 5) but Gem (Flint) and Cabrio have done well. Pristine is not recommended since it is a pre-pakaged mix of Cabrio and another chemical (boscalid) that is ineffective against EFB. These materials are translaminar in that they move into the plant tissue but do not move as much as DMI's with the transpiration stream. They are best used as protectants and may fail when systemic kickback activity is needed.
	Products Rate/100 gallons water Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family Average number of applications per season Average level of control (%) Total number of trials (# significant) Registration Notes Abound 3 oz 15.4 oz azoxystrobin 4 4 62 96 4 (3) 1 (1) Legal to use on hazelnuts. Cabrio 3-4 oz pyraclostrobin 4 90 8 (8) Registered Evito 5.7 oz fluoxastrobin 4 45 3 (1) Not Registered Flint 50 WG 1 oz trifloxystrobin 4 87 7 (7) Registered late 2002, see Gem. Gem 1.5 oz trifloxystrobin 4 81 6 (5) Registered 2006. Pristine 6.3 oz pyraclostrobin plus boscalid 4 93 2 (2) Not recommended. See Cabrio. Sovran 1.2 oz kresoxim-methyl 4 67 2 (1) Registration not likely. One to one comparisons:  Bravo vs. Flint 94% control vs. 87% control (6 trials) Top
	Table 6. Miscellaneous materials for the control of EFB. A report from the East Coast many years ago showed activity of mancozeb against EFB. Manex (maneb) was found to be effective in our tests also (table 6). This may indicate that the ethylenebis dithiocarbamate (EBDC) group of materials may all be effective against EFB. This group, however, has met stiff registration opposition with EPA due to the toxicology of certain break down products. Registration of these materials in the future is unlikely and is not being actively pursued. Other compounds are being tested against this disease and may show registration promise. For example, Ziram is a good broad-spectrum fungicide with two nut crops already on the label. It is effective against EFB and a registration could be pursued.
	Products Rate/100 gallons water Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family Average number of applications per season Average level of control (%) Total number of trials (# significant) Registration Notes Aliette 80 WP 5 lb fosetyl - Al 2 50 2 (1) Not Registered Benlate 50 WP 0.75 lb benomyl 1.7 17 3 (0) Registration not likely Captan 50 WP 4 lb captan 4 92 2 (2) Registration not likely Cueva 2 gal copper soap 4 22 2 (0) Registration not likely Elevate 0.75 lb fenhexamid 4 10 1 (0) Registration not likely Endura ? boscalid 4 17 1 (0) Registration not likely Fontellis 14-20 fl oz penthiopyrad 4 39 5 (3) Registration possible Lime Sulfur (29%) 32 oz lime sulfur 4.0 49 2 (1) Registration not likely Manex 0.4 gal Maneb / EBDC 4 77 1 (1) Registration not likely Messenger 9 oz harpin 4 32 2 (0) Nordox 50 WP 5 lb Copper Oxide 1 17 1 (0) --- PhD 0.5 lb polyoxin-D 4 13 2 (0) Registration not likely Quintec 6 oz quinoxyfen 4 0 1 (0) Registration not likely Regalia 1 gal extract of Giant Knotweed 4 13 2 (0) Rovral 1 lb iprodione 4 7 1 (0) Registration not likely Scala 9 fl oz pyrimethanil 4 46 1 (0) Registration not likely Serenade ASO Serenade MAX 6 qt 4 lb Biological 4 4 64 12 1 (1) 4 (0) Legal to use. SoilGuard 12G 8 lb Biological 4 7 1 (0) ? Supreme Oil Alone JMS Stylet Oil Alone 32 oz 1% Oil 5 4 16 4 1 (0) 1 (0) Use as a surfactant, never alone. Syllit 65 WP 2 lb cyprex 4 97 2 (2) ? Switch 10 oz cyprodinil + fludioxonil 4 48 1 (1) Registration not likely Thiram 65 WP 5 lb thiram 4 100 1 (1) ? Vangard 5 oz cyprodinil 4 43 1 (1) Registration not likely ZeroTol 125 oz peroxylacetic acid 4 11 1 (0) Disinfectant Ziram 76 DF 6 lb 1.5 lb ziram 4 4 100 88 1 (1) 2 (2) Registration not likely in the near future. Top
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